Efectos del tabaquismo en la microbiota y tejido periodontal: revisión de la literatura / Effects of smoking on the microbiota and periodontal tissue: literature review

La Periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria local crónica de los tejidos de soporte delos dientes que conduce a la pérdida progresiva del ligamento periodontal y del hueso alveolar. El tabaquismo es un factor de riesgo conocido para muchas enfermedades y la evidencia creciente sugiere que el tabaquismo afecta negativamente a la salud periodontal. El hábito del tabaquismo provoca el aumento de la flora bacteriana periodonto patógenas, aumentando su patogenicidad y alteraciones en el tejido periodontal, sin embargo el efecto del tabaquismo no es directamente a estas bacterias. La nicotina provoca una disminución del flujo sanguíneo y disminución de capilares lo que dificulta la respuesta inmune contra las bacterias patógenas. Además el sistema inmune se ve suprimido frente al tabaquismo, por lo que la acción de los leucocitos es escasamente eficaz para combatir la enfermedad periodontal. Como conclusión, el tabaquismo, principalmente la nicotina, afecta al flujo sanguíneo gingival, la producción de citocinas, la función de los neutrófilos, el recambio de tejido conectivo y como consecuencia de estos factores, aumenta el número de bacterias periodonto patógenas lo que afecta negativamente al tejido periodontal.

Periodontitis is a chronic local inflammatory disease of tissue supporting the teeth that leads to progressive loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Smoking is a known risk factor for many diseases and increasing evidence suggests that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Cigarette smoking increased periodontal pathogenic bacterial flora, increasing their pathogenicity and alterations in the periodontal tissue, however the effect of smoking is not directly to these bacteria. Nicotine causes a decreased blood flow and decreased capillary hindering the immune response against pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the immune system is suppressed, so the action of leukocytes is poorly effective against periodontal disease. In conclusion, smoking, mainly nicotine, affects the gingival blood flow, cytokine production, the neutrophil function, replacement of connective tissue and because of these factors, increases the number of periodontal pathogenic bacteria which negatively affects the periodontal tissue.

Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal y pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica: una relación poco conocida / Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) is the most severe intestinal motility disorder. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is frequently associated to dysmotility. In spite of this association, there is scare data on the relation between CIP and SIBO. To establish occurrence of CIP in SIBO patients in inter-crisis periods. To compare clinical and manometric characteristics of SIBO and non-SIBO patients. Retrospective analysis of 40 CIP patients (average age: 41 years; range: 18-76 years; 75 percent women). The following elements were registered: symptoms (such as pain, distention, vomit, constipation, diarrhea and weight loss); findings of the intestinal manometry (neuropathic, miopatic and mix pattern; intestinal motility index); and SIBO using lactulose H2 breath test, defined as an increase > 20 ppm in 2 or more figures in the first 60 minutes. Statistical analysis: t-test y and comparison of two ratios. SIBO was observed in 60 percent of the patients with CIP. Three or more symptoms were observed in 70.8 percent of the patients with SIBO 50 percentwithout SIBO (p = NS). In patients with SIBO, the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (70.8 percent p= 0.032). There were no differences between SIBO patients and the different motility patterns, however, the intestinal motility index was lower for the SIBO group (9.7 +/- 44 12.3 +/-7; p < 0.001). : There is a high prevalence of SIBO in CIP patients. This is associated to a major compromise of intestinal motility assessed by the intestinal motility index...

Introducción: La pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica (POIC) es el trastorno más grave de la motilidad intestinal. El sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal (SBI) se asocia frecuentemente a estados de dismotilidad. A pesar de esta asociación existen escasos datos sobre la relación entre POIC y SBI. Objetivo: Determinar SBI en pacientes con POIC en período inter-crisis. Comparar características clínicas y manométricas de pacientes con y sin SBI. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de 40 pacientes con POIC (edad promedio: 41 años, rango: 18-76 años; 75 por ciento mujeres). Se registraron síntomas (dolor, distensión, vómitos, constipación, diarrea, baja de peso), hallazgos en manometría intestinal (patrón neuropático, miopático o mixto, índice de motilidad intestinal (IMI)) y SBI con test de H2 con lactulosa, definido como la elevación > 20 ppm en 2 o más cifras en los primeros 60 min. Análisis estadístico: t-test y comparación de 2 proporciones. Resultados: Se observó SBI en 60 por ciento de los pacientes con POIC. Tres o más síntomas se presentaron en 70,8 por ciento de los pacientes con SBI vs 50 por ciento en POIC sin SBI (p = NS). El síntoma dolor abdominal fue más frecuente en pacientes con SBI (70,8 por ciento vs 31,2 por ciento, p = 0,032). No hubo diferencias entre pacientes con SBI y los distintos patrones de motilidad, sin embargo, el IMI fue menor para el grupo con SBI (9,7 +/- 1,44 vs 12,3 +/- 1,7, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de SBI en pacientes con POIC. Esto se relaciona con mayor compromiso de la motilidad intestinal evaluado por el IMI.

Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano como etiología de dolor cronico no oncológico visceral / Small bowel bacterial overgrowth a cause of visceral noncancer chronic pain

El dolor visceral crónico se produce por la distención de los receptores neuronales localizados en las mucosas de los distintos órganos del aparato digestivo, presentándose clínicamente como un dolor con una localización difusa, con intensidad moderada a severa, que se describe generalmente de tipo cólico. Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente con que consultó por un dolor crónico no oncológico de tipo visceral con componente neuropático, cuya causa etiológica correspondió a sobrecrecimieno bacteriano intestinal. Por lo que debemos considerar esta patología como etiología de un dolor visceral crónico...

Chronic Visceral pain is caused by the distension of neuronal receptors located in the lining the digestive organs, clinically presenting as pain with a diffuse localization and moderate to severe intensity, usually is described colicky. We present a case report a patient who presented with chronic noncancer visceral pain with neuropathic component, which accounted etiology Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. We must consider this disease as a cause of chronic visceral pain...

Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal en pacientes con pancreatitis crónica / Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Background: Previous reports describe 30-40 percent of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), SIBO is a cause of persistent symptoms in this group of patients even when they are treated with pancreatic enzymes. Aim: To asses the frequency of SIBO in patients with CP. Patients and methods: We studied 14 patients with CP using an hydrogen breath test with lactulose to detect SIBO, a nonabsorbable carbohydrate, whose results are not influenced by the presence of exocrine insufficiency. Main symptoms and signs were bloating in 9 (64 percent), recurrent abdominal pain in 8 (57 percent), intermittent diarrhea in 5 (36 percent) and steatorrhea in 5 (36 percent). At the same time we studied a healthy control group paired by age and sex. Results: SIBO was present in 13 of 14 patients with CP (92 percent) and in 1 of 14 controls (p<0.001). The only patient with CP and without SIBO was recently diagnosed and had minimal morphologic alterations in computed tomography and endoscopic pancreatography Conclusions: SIBO is common in CP and may be responsible for persistent symptoms. Proper diagnosis and treatment could alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

O efeito do laser de baixa energia no crescimento bacteriano "in vitro" / Low level laser effect in \"in vitro\" bacterial growth

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio de estudo bacteriológico in vitro, o efeito de dois tipos de laser de baixa energia (LBE) sobre diferentes populações bacterianas habitualmente presentes em feridas pós-traumáticas. MÉTODOS: Foram colhidos swabs diretamente do sítio de infecção de pacientes internados com osteomielite pós-traumática crônica. As bactérias isoladas foram Acinetobacter baumanii complex, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela sp, Serratia sp e Staphylococcus aureus. O material coletado foi semeado em meio ágar-sangue, através de alça estéril, utilizando-se 30 placas de Petri para cada germe. Foram utilizados dois aparelhos de LBE: Ibramed Laser Pulse #01189, com 15W/904nm por 200 segundos, e Phisiolux dual Bioset #9909001, com 20W/904nm por 230 segundos. Nos grupos I (n = 10) e II (n = 10), as bactérias sofreram irradiação pelo laser. O grupo III (n = 10) serviu de controle, não sendo irradiado. As bactérias dos grupos I e II foram irradiadas em câmara de fluxo laminar, previamente esterilizada por raio ultravioleta. O laser foi administrado de forma direta, central e perpendicularmente à superfície de cultivo das bactérias, com distância-padrão de 1cm, através de orifício confeccionado na tampa das placas. O crescimento bacteriano foi analisado após 12 e 24 horas da irradiação. Os resultados foram processados estatisticamente, utilizando-se o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis, com nível de significância p < 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Observou-se comportamento similar entre as populações bacterianas nos três grupos experimentais após 12 e 24 horas da irradiação com os dois tipos de LBE, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante no crescimento bacteriano entre os grupos I e II e entre estes e o grupo III (controle). CONCLUSÃO: O efeito do LBE, nas condições estudadas, mostrou-se inócuo quanto ao aumento do número de unidades formadoras de colônias bacterianas,...

OBJECTIVE: To perform an in vitro bacteriologic study to evaluate the effect of two types of low level laser (LLL) on different bacterial populations usually present in post-traumatic wounds. METHODS: Swabs were prepared directly at the infection site of patients hospitalized with chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Isolated bacteria were Acinetobacter baumanii complex, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela sp, Serratia sp, and Staphylococcus aureus. The material collected was seeded in agar-blood medium with a sterile loop, using 30 Petri dishes for each germ. Two LLL devices were used: Ibramed Laser Pulse #01189, with 15W/904nm for 200 seconds, and Phisiolux dual Bioset #9909001, with 20W/904nm for 230 seconds. In groups I (n = 10) and II (n = 10), bacteria were irradiated with laser. Group III (n = 10) was the control group and was not irradiated. Bacteria in groups I and II were submitted to radiation in a laminar flow chamber that was previously sterilized with UV rays, and the laser was directly, centrally, and perpendicularly applied to the bacteria cultivation surface, from a standard distance of one centimeter, through an orifice made in the lid of the dishes. Bacterial growth was analyzed 12 and 24 hours after the irradiation. Results were statistically processed using the non-parametric test of Kruskall-Wallis, with a significance level p < 5 percent. RESULTS: A similar behavior was seen in the bacterial population of the three groups studied after 12 and 24 hours of irradiation with the two types of LLL, and there was no statistically significant difference in the bacterial growth between groups I and II and between these two groups and group III (control). CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, the effect of LLL showed to be innocuous for the increase in the number of units forming bacterial colonies, in the doses used in this study, as an adjuvant for...

El rol de los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos en gastroenterología / Role of prebiotics, probiotics and sinbiotics in gastroenterology

El tracto gastrointestinal es indudablemente el área más expuesta a microorganismos y antígenos dietarios. El epitelio intestinal es un importante componente de la barrera de la mucosa intestinal, el cual debe discriminar adecuadamente entre bacterias patogénicas y no-patogénicas. La flora bacteriana intestinal tiene un efecto condicionador sobre la homeostasis del intestino, entregando señales que regulan el epitelio, el sistema inmune de la mucosa y la actividad neuromuscular del intestino. Estudios han demostrado que la flora bacteriana comensal y sus componentes, son factores importantes en la patogénesis de varias enfermedades gastrointestinales, tales como la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, síndrome intestino irritable, cáncer de colon, enfermedad hepática crónica. Aunque estudios experimentales han demostrado que prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos ejercen efectos antibacterianos, modulación inmune y antiinflamatorios, lo cual puede ser beneficioso en algunas enfermedades gastrointestinales, su real papel en el ser humano aún debe ser evaluado. Porque no todos poseen el mismo efecto terapéutico, colonización con específicos probióticos y simbióticos (incluyendo la ingeniería bacteriana para secretar citokinas anti-inflamatorias y restaurar la flora comensal y la tolerancia intestinal) podría ser la próxima estrategia para el tratamiento de las enfermedades gastrointestinales y otras enfermedades inmunológicas.